BIRD FLU

  Definition

Avian influenza is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses that are transmitted by birds that can infect humans. Another name for this disease include avian influenza. H5N1 avian influenza virus from poultry flock in Asia. Although this virus rarely infects humans, the disease resulted in 60 percent mortality. 

The first transmission from birds to humans is known in 1977, until the beginning of September 2005 known to have infected 112 people and 57 people died. Bird flu cases were from Vietnam (90), Thailand (17), Cambodia (4), and Indonesia (1).However, R & D Data Compass has been there since 2005, the beginning of 4 (four) cases who died in Indonesia.

 Also in mid September there were six people admitted with suspected bird flu in RSPI Sulianti Sarosa.Etiology and NatureThe etiology of this disease is influenza virus. The nature of this virus, namely, can survive in water up to 4 days at 22 ° C and more than 30 days at 0 ° C.In the poultry feces and the sick body can last longer, but died on heating 60 ° C for 30 min. 

Types and Strains of Influenza VirusInfluenze

 Virus Type A, B and C:

 Influenza Type A virus can infect humans, horses, pigs, seals, whales and other animals. But wild birds are the natural shelter mereka.Virus type A is divided into several subtypes based on two (2) types of proteins on their surface. These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). 
There are 15 types of sub-types of HA and 9 NA subtypes, and various combinations of these two types of proteins are possible some type A influenza viruses that commonly infect humans at this time, namely H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. While some sub-types commonly found in animals, such as H7N7 and H3N8 that causes illness in horses. Subtypes of type A influenza viruses based on the type of protein called HA and NA, such as H1N2 is a type A influenza virus HA protein has a type of protein 1 and na2. So that is the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Type A, which has a 5 HA and NA proteins 1.

 Type B Influenza virus commonly found in humans. But unlike Virus Type A viruses are not classified according to subtype. While type B viruses can cause epidemics, but it can cause a pandemic.Influenza type C viruses cause mild illness in humans and cause epidemics or pandemics. The virus is also not classified according to subtype. 

StrainInfluenza B viruses and subtypes of influenza A virus are further characterized into strains. There are many different strains of influenza B viruses and subtypes of A. BaruVirus Flu Strain will replace older strains. Strain is the change occurs in a "shift" or "drift". When a new virus strain emerged, the pertahanantubuh cells (antibody) formed by the strains of flu virus infection of the old, no longer able to provide protection to infection baru.Jadi strain flu vaccine must be updated each year to keep pace with changing strains of influenza A virus.
 As a result, people who want to do the vaccination Flu vaccination should be repeated regularly every year, because the flu virus strains change process earlier. 

Man Flu and Bird Flu Virus

 Humans can be infected with influenza types A, B or C. But the type of influenza A virus that commonly infect humans are influenza virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2. Between 1957 and 1968 H2N2 flu virus was also detected attack humans, but now does not.Only influenza A virus that attacks poultry. Wild birds are the natural host of influenza A virus subtypes Generally birds do not get sick when they are infected with virus. However, birds such as chickens kept Ras or turkey, can be very sick and die from the bird flu virus attacks. Some strains of influenza A virus also causes wild birds sick and die. 

Bird Flu Virus with High and Low fatality 

The virus subtypes H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Virus is. Avian Flu viruses can be classified into the fatality High (HPAI) and Low fatality virus (LPAI). This division is based on a genetic form of virus. HPAI is usually associated with high mortality in poultry. Is a High or Low fatality rate in birds is related to the risk of transmission to humans is not known HPAI pasti.Virus kills 90-100% of infected poultry, but LPAI cause mild illness or no symptoms at ayam.Tetapi LPAI virus can turn into HPAI , so outbreaks of LPAI H5 or H7 virus should still be monitored by the Department of Animal Husbandry. 

How Flu Virus ChangedHow To Change The first is "antigenic drift", which gradually changed Virus continuously for a long time. Process Drift Anrigenik new strains of the virus can not be recognized by the old virus antibodies. So every year there is a change of influenza virus strains.
 This is why people can develop flu several times, because the flu virus changes continually strainnya menerus.Sehingga, people who want to be vaccinated Flu must do so on a regular basis every year.Another way is to change the way antigenic shift, the sudden change in the influenza A virus, and produces RecentMost influenza A virus that can infect humans.  
The virus also has Neuroamidase hemmaglutinin and an unidentified man. And if this new strain of influenza A virus entry infect humans, and humans have no immunity or protection against the new strain, and the virus can spread from one human to another human being, there was the so-called Great Plague Pandemic.Currently, the cause of bird flu is Highly Pothogenic Avian Influenza Viru, the H5N1 strain (H = hemagglutinin, N = neuraminidase).

 This is evident from the study result suggests that sick birds excrete the virus Influenza A (H5N1) with a large amount in the feces. Influenza virus A (H5N1) is the cause of an outbreak of bird flu in poultry.
 In general, avian influenza viruses do not infect humans, but certain types can mutate to more virulent and attack humans.
 In humans there are only a type of H1N1, H2N2, H3N3, H5N1, H9N2, H1N2, H7N7. While the animal H1-H5 and N1-N9.Symptoms of bird flu can be distinguished in birds and humans.a. Symptoms in birds.• Combs blue• Ulcers at the foot• Sudden deathb. Symptoms in humans.• Fever (temperature above 38o C)• Cough and sore throat• Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract• Pneumonia• Eye Infections• Muscle pain

Incubation Period 

The incubation period for influenza virus vary between 1-7 days.Sources and Modes of TransmissionTransmission of Avian Influenza (H5N1) among poultry occurred rapidly with high mortality. The spread of this disease occurred among poultry populations exerting one, can even spread from one farm to another area exerting. While transmission of the disease to humans through contaminated air can be virus, originating from infected poultry feces or secretary bird flu.
 As for those who have a high risk of bird flu (H5N1) is a poultry farm workers, vendors and poultry handlers.Another thing, there is no evidence of transmission from human to human. Besides that, there is evidence of transmission to humans through the consumption of poultry meat. 

Prevention Efforts 

Prevention efforts conducted by avoiding materials contaminated poultry faeces and secretions, with the following actions:Everyone associated with the material from the gastrointestinal tract of poultry should use protection (masks, goggles)Material from the gastrointestinal tract of poultry faeces should be managed as well (grown / burned) in order not to be a source of infection for the people around him.The tools are used in animal husbandry should be washed with a disinfectantCages and feces should not be removed from the farm siteEating chicken that has been cooked at a temperature of 80 ° C for 1 min, whereas poultry eggs need to be heated at a temperature of 64 ° C for 5 min.Implementing environmental hygiene. 

Conducting personal hygiene.Treatment for people with bird flu are:• Oxygenation if there is shortness of breath.• Hydration with fluids parenteral (intravenous).• Provision of anti-viral medication oseltamivir 75 mg single dose for 7 days.• amantadine given early in infection, as far as possible within the first 48 hours for 3-5 days at a dose of 5 mg / kg per day in 2 divided doses. When your weight is more than 45 kg were given 100 mg 2 times a day.

 Bird flu caused by the H5N1 strain of avian influenza in poultry were confirmed had occurred in the Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Taiwan, Laos, China, Indonesia and Pakistan. Source of the virus thought to have come from migratory birds and transport of infected poultry.