Land In The Country Conquered In The Time of Umar Bin Khattab

1. SYAM AND PALESTINE LIBERATION

 Opportunities of Islam in the area who are persecuted by the Romans
The princes of the Roman Empire in the last days of his greatness apply arbitrary state resident colony. They are always doing the violence and oppression of the colonies. So therefore the inhabitants of the land which is under the authority seeking to escape its grasp. Moreover it has Byzantine crockery because of religious strife, and has been fragile by luxury. People no longer consists of a single nation, but rather consists of various nationalities who always suffers because taxes are too heavy.
Such events provide great opportunities for Arabs to conquer the mighty Syrian (Sham) and Palestine, as well as the subject lands under the rule of Byzantium. Especially when it was known as the Islamic Ummah with the firmness of his faith because of his bravery. They oppose abstinence shaking death to establish the religion and truth. Al-Qur'an al-Karim was always menghasung them for jihad.
When the Prophet was about to die, he ordered the Muslim army under the leadership of Osama bin Zaid fighting tribes who live near the border of Palestine. Bated trip Lantara Prophet died, and was followed by Abu Bakr. Osama assault was valid for forty days, to get a lot of booty and taken back to Medina.
This event is very hurtful Romans. So to avenge her hurt, Emperor Heraclius gathering armed forces to the borders of Palestine and the Syrian army to confront Islam. Caliph Abu Bakr called for jihad throughout the Arab nation, so terkumpullah a big row in Medina. Rows of Abu Bakr was divided to four troops with pempat commander, namely:

    Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, with the goal of Homs (Homus).
    'Amr ibn al-' Ash, with the goal of Palestinian
    Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, with the goal of Damascus
    Syurahbil bin Hasanah, with the goal of Ardan (Jordan).
Abu Bakr ordered the commander of the four so that they help each other and as the commander of Abu Ubaidah specified amount. While 'Amru be alone liberate Palestine, but he had to help the other troops when needed.
When the army of Islam were fighting liberate countries in Sham and Palestine, namely the countries under Byzantine rule. Abu Bakr also deploy more troops under the command of Khalid bin Walid bin aided by Mutsanna Harisah to liberate Iraq. When army Khalid consecutive triumph in Iraq, came news of Sham Caliph that Abu Ubaidah to not break the power of the Roman army defense. So Abu Bakr ordered Khalid bin Walid provide assistance with as soon as possible. And Khalidpun depart from Iraq to carry Sham 1500 army troops, memalui Badi'atus Samawah desert with incredible speed.
The arrival of Khalid to Sham that alone is enough to inspire a new Islamic army. Then they may occupy Bushra city with the help of governors, Romanus name. He delivered it to the Muslims after he led the way into the holes from below the castle-fortress. Battle of Yarmuk (13 AH = 634 AD)
When Emperor Heraclius knowing the victory of Islamic army, then dikerahkanlah four major forces to deal with the Arab irregulars who do not fear death that. Incidentally when it changed the atmosphere of war, army maskas Islam face severe difficulties, so that the commander-commanders held meetings to find a way out. In the deliberations that 'Amru bin al'Ash menguslkan that Islamic army assembled in one place to confront the Roman power, together with the leadership of Khalid bin Walid. The place showed that the river Yarmuk (Sei creeks. Jordanian) named Wakusah, Opinion 'Amru binal'Ash approved by the Caliph. Then gathered together in the face of Islamic army Wakusah 240,000 40,000 Roman soldiers. And the battle raged with great.
Battle at Yarmuk ended with defeat for the Romans and a large number of soldiers were killed. The defeat was heartbreaking Heraclius and caused despair among the soldiers. And these events led to the fall of the Syrian Arab hands. News Death of Abu Bakr
When the fire of war is burning like hell, Arab armies and Romans, came the news of Madinah that the Caliph Abu Bakr has died, and was succeeded by Umar bin Khattab. Came a letter of submission of the general mandate of the army (Commander) of Khalid bin Walid to Abu Ubaidah as his successor. This news hidden until victory is obtained Khalid Islamic Ummah.
After victories in the hands of Muslims, then handed the general Khalid army to Abu Ubaidah and Khalid happy with all the ordinary soldiers fighting under the command of Commander in Chief of the new Abu Ubaidah. Khalid causes Replacement
The replacement of Khalid this time not because Umar did not believe in his ability as Commander in Chief, only because he feared that the Islamic Ummah deceived, because he was well-loved by his troops because of his courage and victory in every battle they lead. In the meantime Umar Khalid looked too harsh and hostile toward the enemy countrymen in battle to eradicate the apostate, so he had to kill those who had surrendered and asked for protection of his soul. And when Khalid asked how he felt when he received his replacement, he said: "I fight not for Umar".
Then the army of Islam continued on his way to Damascus, the city was besieged plainly seventy days. To the residents were told to choose one of the three, namely: convert, pay tribute or war.
Reliability and robustness of the palisades can not withstand the siege of the Arabs in the city. Islamic Army reinforcements to confront all the castle guards so that they nearly starved to death, eventually forced the city of Damascus opened its doors to Muslims. BATTLE IN AJNADIN (16 AH = 636 AD)
After the fall of Damascus in the hands of Islam, the fall is also the major cities in the North Syrian, such as Aleppo, Homs and Antioch. General Aretion Syrian Roman commander, survived with persistent Ajnadin with the remaining troops near Baitul Maqdis. There, there was a fierce battle between the Romans and the Arabs, which is no less great than the battle of Yarmuk.
This battle ended with the victory of the Islamic Ummah, and the Roman soldiers who remained fled to Kaisarian and Baitul Maqdis. As a result of the Roman defeat Ajnadin, some coastal cities in Sham and opened the door for Palestinian Arabs, such as Yaffa, Gizet Ramla, Tyre, Uka (Acre), Sidon, and Beirut Askalonia. CONQUEST Baitul Maqdis (18 AH = 639 AD)
Warriors of Islam then round his intention to conquer Baitul Maqdis, the capital of Palestine and the holy city of Christians. The city is surrounded by strong fortifications, defended by a large army soldiers guard the city led Arection own. Four months Arabs besieged the city and its people dying of hunger. Eventually the town came out Patrik states willingly to the city on condition that the Caliph Umar himself. Umar then journeyed to Baitul Maqdis accept the surrender of the city's population and confirms the safety and independence they practice their faith.
Thus the entire Levant and Palestine have fallen into the hands of Islam, after they fought desperately approximately six years. 2. EXEMPTION FROM IRAQ AND PERSIAN
For the army of Islam, manaklukkan lands conquered by the Persians is much more difficult than conquering the lands occupied by the Roman army, because they are made up of a unified nation.
Indeed, Abu Bakr had sent troops to the Iraq border to subdue the Arab tribes who settled in South River Euphrates. Army was able to defeat the Persian army and held Hirah and Anbar, but was soon forced to withdraw from the Arab army attack the Persian army very much, sent by Khusraw Yaszayird commander Rustam III below. They withdrew to the Sahara Desert, it is up to the end of the leadership of Caliph Abu Bakr.
The cause of this is due to the defeat of Islamic forces are concentrating to conquer the Levant and Palestine against the Romans. After the Romans are defeated in battle Sham and Palestine in the year 16 AH Ajnadin then Umar bin Khattab Iraqi combat troops. At first Caliph Umar himself would mempmpin soldiers, but many friends advised that the army leadership handed to Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas commander. Umarpun accept that advice. BATTLE KADISIA (16 AH = 636 AD)
Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas along with his army rode into Kadisia, a city which became the entrance to Iraq. There met with Rustam Commander who led the Persian army by the number of 30,000 soldiers, while the Arab irregulars only about 7,000 to 8,000 thousand soldiers.
Persians laughed cynically see Islamic army armament consisted only of sling stones they said the loom threads. But in a fierce battle between the two sides for three days, ended with the victory of the army of Islam. In that battle commander Rustam and a number of his troops were killed, while the living were forced to flee. Meraka chased by Sa'ad army, and there is also a battle in Jalula year 17 AH (638 AD)
At that time, a daughter of Kisra be captured and a large Persian army killed. Then Saad entered Iraq and conquered the city of Madain, as the capital of the Persian Empire, after a two-month siege submarine.
Army of Islam gained many spoils of war very much, including the golden throne of Kisra own. Kisra Yazdayird fled to Halwan. Kadisia war include the great war in the age of Umar bin Khattab. BATTLE IN Nahawand (21 H = 642 M) Battle Nahawand as Fathul Futuh
Kisra Yazdayird III could not muster the troops quickly, it took four years to gather strength, then terkumpullan army numbering 150,000 persons to face the Islamic army. In the year 21 AH Yazdayird III deploy armed forces and army of Caliph Umar sent aid to help Sa'ad. Then there was a great battle between them in sanat Nahawand. The battle ended with a victory for Islam, even though the Persians had been fighting tooth and nail to defend their country. This battle is known as the 'Fathul Futuh' which means 'liberation of all liberation'. Yazdayird III Kisra the last of the Sasanian family.
Arab irregulars continued to pursue Yazdayird III and gradually occupied territory, thus eventually Kisra was forced to flee to the eastern border of the country. But he died in their journey because people killed in 31 H. (652 AD). This incident happened during the Kholifah Uthman ibn Affan.
With the death of the third Yazdayird gone Sasanian royal families of the earth's surface, and evident Prophet Muhammad which states that would later Persian kingdom torn apart by the Islamic Ummah as Kisranya tearing up the Prophets letter to him.
The win streak is a big influence on the lives of the next Arab nation. They live in ease and luxury possessions were gone terpermanai outsmarts minds of Arabs who have been accustomed to live rough and earthy. 3. EGYPT STATE EXEMPTION Egypt before Islam freed.
State and local Mesiar other Byzantine empire was divided by religious strife and flow. Before the birth of Islam, Christianity in the East was split to two streams, namely:
1 - Flow Mulkaniyin, as the schools of the Romans themselves.
2 - Flow Ya'akibah, as the schools of the Egyptians and Syrians.
This flow of strife, Egypt often get persecution of the Romans, so that the Christian Coptic (Egyptian native tribe) that Patrik Benjamin was forced to flee abroad to escape persecution inflicted by the Romans. Patrik's brother being named Mina can be captured by the Romans and then burned alive and his ashes thrown into the Nile Sungi, for not following the flow that is taught by the Romans.
In addition to differences in the flow because the religion, the Romans also weigh on the Egyptian population with a very heavy tax. They are required to pay corporate tax, corporation tax with all that stuff, taxes livestock, crops, commercial, boat, jewelry household and others. Even tax traffic, driving, walking, merchants and the poor, and even existing tax kematianpun ceremony.
Mesirpun People still have to entertain and satisfy all the needs of the Roman princes when entering their village. Egyptian army expecting the arrival of Islam
Poverty and squalor are thorough in Egypt, led to resentment, hatred and anger putara Nile was the Roman rule, there arose a round in the chest intentions to expect kedatngan fortune that would release them from the degrading state of it. Meanwhile, the news will Islamic Liberation Syrians and Palestinians came to them, they know how delicate and precious mind the new Ummah was developed in association with warge a conquered country, and how widespread they are in the schools of religious freedom. Religious people of the land are inclined not to be disturbed, but rather honored and respected.
Therefore, they are very big passion was about to break away from the yoke of the Romans who persecuted it with the help of the Islamic Ummah. Petition 'Amr ibn al-' Ash to free Egypt.
After the Islamic Ummah after conquering Sham and Palestine, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash appealed to the Caliph Umar bin Khattab to free Egypt. Deputy Commander explains to how rich and fertile earth of the Nile valley was and how important it is located according to the science of lighting. ('Amr ibn al-' Ash had religious visit to Egypt in the time of ignorance).
Declared unequivocally that conquered Egypt is tantamount to strengthening the power of Islam in the Levant and Palestine and the protection area of ​​enemy attacks in the south. Preferably with eternal region in Roman rule meant a great danger for the power of good fortune in the Syrian and Palestinian Islamic. 'Amr ibn al-' Ash explained again, how easy it is to conquer the country, because the weakness of the population, while the Roman army who were there will sour his army to deal with Islam, because they have felt how great and powerful the attack on their Islamic army and in Sham Palestine first, so they are in a row suffered a major defeat.
Originally Caliph Umar hesitated to grant the request 'Amr ibn al-' Ash, because he was afraid that sending troops into the country would incur greater losses, when the army of Islam when it is moving well in the Levant and Iraq. He had not dared to extend sovereign Muslim region during his reign in the country had a strong right that has been conquered. However, due to repeated 'Amr ibn al-' Ash asked with good reason and explanation, dikabulkanlah by Caliph Umar demand mighty warlords.
Umar bin Khattab handed the 4,000 soldiers to 'Amr ibn al-' Ash will be brought to Egypt.
Although the number of irregulars is very little when compared to the great work that will face, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash did not mind, because she believed that if you later have to deal with the Romans in Egypt, Kholifah not be able to refuse when asked to send troop reinforcements. Islamic Army Combing cities in Egypt.
Leave 'Amr ibn al-' Ash brings a four thousand irregulars through the Sinai desert, so he got to El-'Arisy and conquer the city with no resistance, and he continues to Alfarma, a strong fortified old town and when Egypt became the gate of the east.
The city was besieged Islamic army a month, and then in the month of Muharram in 19 AH (January 640 AD) was the mayor surrendered to 'Amr ibn al-' Ash.
From Alfarma 'Amr ibn al-' Ash continues to Bilbis, and in that city he met with Commander Aretion who had fled to Egypt before giving up Jerusalem. The town could be taken 'Amr ibn al-' Ash after fighting for a month.
When the army entered the city Bilbis Islam, they found the daughter Armanusah Mukaukis governor of Egypt in favor of the Egyptian population. Princess is not held captive by 'Amr ibn al-' Ash, but respected and dimuliakannya and sent back to his father with all the honors. Deeds' Amr ibn al-`As such it raises the Egyptian people love him, because actually the daughter Armanusah a lover and protector of the people of Egypt from the wrath of the Romans.
After Bilbis fall, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash went on his way again so to Umm Dunein (Teudonius), a city on the edge of the Nile. Here there is also a battle between the Romans and the Arabs a few weeks old. Allies demand
When 'Amr ibn al-' Ash have obstacles in the face of the Roman soldiers who belipat double that amount, so he asked for reinforcements to the Caliph Umar ibn Khattab.
Caliph Umar immediately send 4000 more troops under the leadership of four of the famous hero, namely: Zubair bin Awwam, Muqdad bin Aswad, Ubadah bin Samit and Maslamah bin Mukhallad related.
Indeed, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash while rounding Umm Dunein are in very difficult circumstances, because laskaranya was getting desperate, because their number is increasing day continues to decrease, while the reinforcements did not come. However, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash is not just any commander, he was not the officer who may be defeated by despair. Keperwiraannya real burning rekindle the spirit of his army was almost desperate. Happily they attacked the fort of Umm Dunien, so that the Roman army was forced to flee to the castle ruins of Babylon, and all his ships fell into the hands of the army of Islam.
Then Umar sent reinforcements reached the 'Ainu Shams'. Immediately commander 'Amr ibn al-' Ash there to greet them. Meanwhile, the Roman commander named Theodore, has also set up 20,000 troops, then attacked 'Amr ibn al-' Ash in 'Ainu-Shams that. In this battle the Romans also suffered a major defeat, very few those who could fled to the fortress of Babylon. Besieged fortress Babil
Commander 'Amr ibn al-' Ash sought to shore up his power in Umm Dunein and in the 'Ainu Shams, where it was used as the headquarters of the army. According to estimates there are no more to hinder meaning except from Babylon fort which was also named Palace of Wax.
After 'Amr ibn al-' Ash finish the job in Umm Dunien and in the 'Ainu Shams, his army moving towards Babil. Paa fortress siege began early in September 640 AD
Babil is one of the strongest fortress, sturdy fence, inggi-high tower and almost entirely surrounded by the Nile. When the tide surrounding ditches flooded by water.
Islamic Army besieged fortress seven months. When seen by Mukaukis how patience enemies in battle, he and his companions went out to the island Raudha. From there he sent messengers to meet the commander 'Amr ibn al-' Ash to discuss a peace treaty. Envoy was received by 'Amr ibn al-' Ash with all due respect. The messenger 'Amr ibn al-' Ash gives three options: convert to Islam, pay tribute, or continue the war.
When the messenger returned, they were asked by Mukaukis about matters of the Islamic Ummah. They explained: "We saw that they were more like the dead than alive, prefer the simplicity of the luxuries that the world is worthless to them and sit them on the ground. Commander them like regular soldiers, there is no difference between someone who is great with a small, tan there is a difference between master and slave. When it came time to pray that all those same parts of his body washed with clean water and they pray with khusu'nya ".
A brief explanation is a very stunning and appealing Mukaukis, then he said himself: "This Ummah is like one day will surely become ruler of the world". Mukaukis peace with 'Amr ibn al-' Ash
Then came the messenger 'Amr ibn al-' Ash met Mukaukis and resume deliberations on peace. The peace terms were:

    Each nation Coptic (Egyptian native) had to pay taxes every year by two dinars, except for the elderly, women and children.
    They are required to maintain and repair bridges that have been destroyed by the Romans between Egypt (Egypt not far from the old city of Cairo now) and Alexandria.
    They should give you a place to stay (welcoming guests) Muslims when dihajatkan.
Mukaukis accept the terms of this peace and his actions were approved by the Coptic entirely. However, the Emperor Heraclius in Constantinople looked governors act as a betrayal. Mukaukis then called back to Constantinople and jailed. And to all the Roman panlima in Egypt commanded the Muslims to fight uncontrollably sehigga they were expelled from Egypt. Thus there was war again, and terms of the proposed 'Amr ibn al-' Ash is not useful anymore. Stormed the fortress of Babylon.
Because of the Nile flood and the water rose too high, the Islamic army raid on the fortress of Babylon deterred many bulanlamanya. For commander 'Amr ibn al-' Ash no raid gear that can be used unless the patience to wait for the water receding.
The siege for months that sesunggunya also complicate the Roman army. Then, in March tt \ h. 641 M. heard by the Romans cheering multitude of Islam in their tents that say the death of Emperor Heraclius. The incident is sad and disheartening unman them. And so this event is the door for the military victory of Islam.
In April of that year began the Islamic army stormed the fort. Zubair bin 'Awwam put the ladder on the wall of the fort southeast and dear to climb up the wall. He called on the army to another, if he gives Takbir, then all the camps should also spoken simultaneously. After he went up on the walls of the fort, and with a drawn sword, he cried Takbir 'Allahu Akbar', followed by another soldier outside the fort. Effect of sentence of God
Hearing the sound of takbir gemurh that the Romans thought that the army of Islam all have stormed the castle, they ran from the defense mereka.Zubair and some Arab patriot tile immediately opened the door and then another Muslim soldiers burst into the fort. Then in April of the year 641 AD, the Roman soldiers guard a strong fortress to surrender, after the Moslem army will guarantee the safety of their souls. Conquering the city of Alexandria (Alexanderia)
After the fortress of Babylon fell to the Muslim army, and after keeping the troops to be prepared, 'Amr ibn al-' Ash walked with his army towards Alexandria. On his way to the city that he can conquer some of the other Roman fort. Roman Army retreated to escape and join the Roman army still controlled Alexandria and survive there. Meanwhile reinforcements from Constantinople also had come, so the number of Roman soldiers who will maintain 50,000 soldiers Alexandria. Roman Alexandria last defense
City of Alexandria at the time was the capital of the kingdom of the two and as a second commercial airport for the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium).
Emperor Heraclius believes that when Alexandria fell to Islam, then gone entirely of Roman rule in Egypt. Therefore he sent the army as much as possible to maintain Alexandria to the death.
The army of Islam when it does not have the proper equipment and techniques to surround the city, owned armadapun not to hinder Roman reinforcements from Constantinople (Byzantium capital). Therefore, so long Islamic army laid siege to it, that for fourteen months, their numbers are relatively small compared to the Roman soldiers who defend the city. However, most of the nation's Coptic in the army of Islam, they are always willing to help them with various tools and supplies.
With the tremendous earnestness, irregulars' Amr ibn al-`As day after day can also damage the walls of the city of Alexandria. Finally, a major commercial city fell to the army of Islam after they fought heavily. It seems to 'Amr ibn al-' Ash that if they want to perpetuate the power there, then they must obtain country boy love him and his army. Then they mix the Nile valley was the son of the earth, as a socially commander who entered a country in peace. The second peace between 'Amr ibn al-' Ash and Mukaukis
The peace treaty re done with Mukaukis who had returned to Egypt from his exile after Emperor Heraclius died. Among the terms of peace agreements were:

    To all those who are not Muslims are required to pay taxes by two dinars every year.
    The Romans were given the opportunity to leave Alexandria for eleven months. And they are allowed to take their possessions and all the stuff they have.
    The Romans promised not to try again to snatch Egypt back.
    The Muslims promised not to interfere with the churches and will not mencamuri anything Jewish affairs.
    People in Islam Jews lived and settled in Alexandria.
To ensure that the Romans honest in carrying out the terms of the agreement, the commander 'Amr ibn al-' Ash enetapkan that, the Romans had to hand over 150 paramilitary troops and 50 officers to the army of Islam as a dependent. Roman leaving Egypt
After the fall of the city of Alexandria into the hands of the Islamic army, it is easy for the Islamic army conquered other cities. And at the end of Roman rule perish from the earth's gift of the Nile, and berkibarlah victorious flag of Islam over the top of the towers and the buildings. ISLAMIC STATE SETTINGS TATA
The division of government
The fruits of liberation the country around the time of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab was the Khilafah Islamiyah duasnya territory.
Most of the area of ​​the Persian empire and the Byzantine empire fell into the hands of Islam. Therefore Umar made up his mind trying to manage the affairs of the country with a long and wide and flattened plosok justice throughout the country.
Caliph trying to hold a variety of improvements and ishlah. Matters of the countries that have been conquered, advances there, government regulations that have been organized as well as relics of the old government a lot of help Umar bin Khattab in implementing its goals to organize the Islamic State.
Umar bin Khattab Islamic State share to certain regions or provinces. Several major cities were founded and in some large areas held in the new capital, such as Kufa, Basra (in Iraq) and Fusthath (in Egypt). Wali (Governor) as head of government.
Unguk heads of government in the region that he appoint a guardian (governor), assisted by his subordinate officials, such as amyl taxes (state revenue minister), Qadi (Judge High), Katib (secretary), Commander of the Army and Chief of Staff.
They are constantly watched by spies caliphs who will report to him the state employees. Though Umar lifted government officials from the experts, but they are being monitored closely in order to secure tranquility of the people and the furthest from persecution and tyranny. Of accuracy, each person who will be the guardian (governor) must be audited (calculated) of their possessions before he ran his work. When his term was over, counted his money back. If found wealth exceeds that of the former, and the excess was obtained by breaking the rules of an Islamic state, or part of the excess that must be taken and submitted to the Baitul Mal (state treasury). Thorough Leader
Caliph Umar bin Khattab was the first formulate laws 'husbah', ie rules that oversee the affairs of the market, maintaining manners manners, oversee weights and measures so that no more deceit scales. Street cleaning is also not free from the attention, and all matters related to the public interest, that the affairs of the city officials (Bureau of Public Works) at this time. Prepare Councils
Wealth-Khusraw Khusraw Persian fell into the hands of Muslims, lots of gold, silver, and gems are expensive from the spoils of war, tax payments required of the people who are not Muslims (jizya) and from tax abundant crops in treasury.
Umar tried to regulate the country's possessions by establishing councils (listing out the flow of money) is copied from the Persians, like the army council, whose business it wrote down names of soldiers and set salaries. Council also held state property calculations, to take care of all the revenue into the state treasury (Bayt Mal0, and take care of all the gifts and giving to the Ummah of Islam according to their respective levels, based on far-close relative of the prophet peace be upon him, beginning-end to Islam , or many-at least his services in the war in the prophet PBUH Judicial Affairs
Umarlah Caliph who originally set the affairs of the judiciary in Islam. Diaah that determine and appoint the Qadi (Judge) in each region. However, sometimes there are also lifting qadhi he submitted to the Wali (governor) certain areas, according to state and place.
As for who may be appointed as Qadi it is mujtahid, ie: people who are experts in sharia law and establish a legal proficient based on the Qur'an and Sunnah.
The judges were getting freedom in performing their duties, they are not affected by the power of trustees (governors). Position of the noble or ignoble, rich and poor alike in the eyes of the judge.
They examined the case in the mosque, which is in an open trial. They were given a fixed salary moderation, so that they can fully confront power fully in the affairs of the judiciary.
Adapaun piety and heroism Muslims in the reign of Umar had reached its peak. Never events: Ka'b ibn Abi Yasar reject a high rank when it will be lifted Umar Qadi in Egypt. He had not believed in him, it would be just the job. End of life Caliph Umar bin Khattab r.a.
When Umar bin Khattab was trying hard to manage all the affairs of the Islamic State, disasters come upon him, even befall Islam, which led to his death.
A Persian slave from prisoner of war in Hanawand, slave of Mughirah bin Syu'bah, named Fairuz and called Abu Lu'luah, very jealous and hurt the Caliph Umar, because Umarlah leading Persian empire disappeared from the face of earth. So one day he stabbed a wise Caliph Omar, when will morning prayer.
Umar r.a. Zulhijjah died in the year 23 AH (644 AD) at the age of 63 years and after the reign of the Islamic State for 10 years and 6 months. Election after Caliph Umar bin Khattab
When Umar felt that the end was near, he appointed six companions of choice, which is the friends who became shura council of his time. One of the six companions were chosen and who got the most votes was appointed caliph. They were: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Uthman ibn Affan, Awwam bin Zubair, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Abdurrahman ibn 'Awf and Talha bin Ubaidullah. According to probate Umar, who ever got the vote, he would be crowned as caliph. And when that voice as much, to be selected as approved by Abdullah ibn Umar.
And finally, the election fell upon Uthman ibn Affan ra

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